Linkage Pathways of DNA–Nanoparticle Conjugates and Biological Applications

DNA–nanoparticle conjugates have extraordinary optical and catalytic properties that attracted great interest in biosensing biomedical applications. Combining these special qualities has made it possible to create extremely sensitive selective biomolecule detection methods, as well effective nanopharmaceutical carriers therapy medications. In particular, inorganic nanoparticles, such metal metal–organic framework or upconversion nanoparticles with relatively inert surfaces can easily bind DNA through covalent bonds, ligand electrostatic adsorption, biotin–streptavidin interactions click chemistry form for a broad range of applications biomedicine due their exceptional surface modifiability. this review, we summarize the recent advances assembly mechanism biological The challenges designing further are also discussed.